|
Christina ( – 19 April 1689) was Queen regnant of Sweden from 1632〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sweden )〕 to 1654, with the titles of Queen of the Swedes, Goths (or Geats) and Wends (''Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque Regina'');〔( Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher (2009) Der König der Schweden, Goten und Vandalen. Königstitulatur und Vandalenrezeption im frühneuzeitlichen Schweden. ) In: Vergangenheit und Vergegenwärtigung. Frühes Mittelalter und europäische Erinnerungskultur. Ed. by Helmut Reimitz and Bernhard Zeller (= Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 14; Wien 2009).〕 Grand Princess of Finland, and Duchess of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia,〔Stolpe, Sven (1974) (''Drottning Kristina Efter tronavsägelsen'' ), Volume 2 (Bonnier, ISBN 91-0-039241-3) pp. 142 & 145〕 Bremen-Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Cassubia and Vandalia,〔Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum. The Debates on Wends and Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic Perception. In: Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden. Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis heute, ed. Sven Hakon Rossel (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242–252〕 Princess of Rugia, Lady of Ingria and of Wismar.〔(A Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Years 1653 and 1654, Vol II. by Whitlocke )〕 Christina was the only surviving legitimate child of King Gustav II Adolph and his wife Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. At the age of six she succeeded her father on the throne upon his death at the Battle of Lützen, and began ruling when she reached the age of 18. Christina is remembered as one of the most educated women of the 1600s.〔Tangran, Alexander “Women in World History-Christina of Sweden (1626-1689)” A Biographical Encyclopedia. Ed. Anne Commire. Vol.3. Detroit: Yorkin Publications, 2000. p. 722-729.〕 She was fond of paintings, books, manuscripts, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the "Athens of the North". She was intelligent, fickle and moody; she rejected the sexual role of a woman. She caused a scandal when she decided not to marry 〔(The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day By Ivan Lindsay. )〕 and in 1654 when she abdicated her throne. She changed her name to Kristina Augusta Wasa〔A. Tangran, “Women in World History” (Yorkin Publications 2000), p. 722-729 ( Script from Clark.edu by Anita L. Fisher )〕 and converted to Roman Catholicism, adopting the name Christina Alexandra. At the age of 28 the "Minerva of the North" moved to Rome.〔(Script from Clark.edu by Anita L. Fisher )〕 The Pope described Christina as "a queen without a realm, a Christian without faith, and a woman without shame".〔(The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day By Ivan Lindsay )〕 Notwithstanding all that, she became a leader of the theatrical and musical life and protected many Baroque artists, composers, and musicians. Being the guest of five consecutive popes,〔(The Vatican's Women: Female Influence at the Holy See By Paul Hofmann )〕 and a symbol of the Counter Reformation, she is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto. Her unconventional lifestyle and masculine dressing and behavior has been featured in countless novels, plays, opera and film. In all the biographies on Christina her gender and cultural identity plays an important role.〔(Joachim Grage (Göttingen) "Entblösungen. Das zweifelhafte Geschlecht Christinas von Schweden in der Biographik" In: Frauenbiographik: Lebensbeschreibungen und Porträts herausgegeben von Christian von Zimmermann, Nina von Zimmermann )〕 ==Early life== Christina was born in the royal castle Tre Kronor, and her birth occurred during a rare astrological conjunction that fuelled great speculation on what influence the child, fervently hoped to be a boy, would later have on the world stage. The king had already sired two daughters – a nameless princess stillborn in 1620 and then the first princess Christina, who was born in 1623 and died the following year. Excited expectation surrounded Maria Eleonora's third pregnancy in 1626. There was much excitement when the baby was born and was first thought to be a boy as it was "hairy" (probably caused by the lanugo) and screamed, "with a strong, hoarse voice".〔Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2005) (''Christina of Sweden's Patronage of Bernini: The Mirror of Truth Revealed by Time'' ), Vol. 26, No. 1 pp. 38-43〕 In her ''Autobiography'' (1681) Christina is flirting with her androgynous personality.〔(Joachim Grage (Göttingen) "Entblösungen. Das zweifelhafte Geschlecht Christinas von Schweden in der Biographik" In: Frauenbiographik: Lebensbeschreibungen und Porträts herausgegeben von Christian von Zimmermann, Nina von Zimmermann )〕 She later wrote in her autobiography that, "Deep embarrassment spread among the women when they discovered their mistake". The king, though, was very happy, stating, "She'll be clever, she has made fools of us all!".〔Aasen, Elisabeth ''Barokke damer, dronning Christinas europeiske reise'' (2005) ISBN 82-530-2817-2 (edited by Pax, Oslo. 2003, ISBN 82-530-2817-2)〕 From most accounts, Gustav Adolf appears to have been closely attached to his daughter, and she appears to have admired him greatly. Her mother remained disappointed Christina was a girl. Before Gustav Adolf left for Germany to defend Protestantism in the Thirty Years' War, he secured his daughter's right to inherit the throne, in case he never returned, and gave orders to Axel Gustafsson Banér,〔 his marshall, that Christina should receive an education of the type normally only afforded to boys. Her mother, of the House of Hohenzollern, was a woman of quite distraught temperament and was melancholic. It is possible she was insane. After Christina's father died on 6 November 1632 on the battlefield, Maria Eleonora had him brought home in a coffin, with his heart in a separate box. Maria Eleonora ordered that the king should not be buried until she could be buried with him. She also demanded that the coffin be kept open, and went to see it regularly, patting it and taking no notice of the putrefaction. Eventually, the embarrassed Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna, saw no other solution than to have a guard posted at the room to prevent further episodes.〔Peter Englund: ''Sølvmasken'' (s. 159), edited by Spartacus, Oslo 2009, ISBN 978-82-430-0466-5〕 As a result, he was not buried until 22 June 1634, more than eighteen months later. Christina then became the belated centre of her mother's attention. Having previously showed her daughter complete indifference, Maria Eleonora suddenly became perversely attentive to her. Gustav Adolf had decided that in the event of his death, his daughter should be cared for by his half-sister, Catherine of Sweden and half-brother Carl Gyllenhielm as regent. This solution did not suit Maria Eleonora, who had her sister-in-law banned from the castle. In 1636 Chancellor Oxenstierna saw no other solution than to exile the widow to Gripsholm castle, while the governing regency council would decide when she was allowed to meet her nine-year-old daughter. For the subsequent three years, Christina thrived in the company of her aunt Catherine and her family. After the death of Catherine her aunt and foster mother in 1638, the royal council appointed two foster mothers for the queen: countess Ebba Leijonhufvud and Christina Nilsdotter (Natt och Dag).〔Marie-Louise Rodén (Swedish): ''Drottning Christina'' (Queen Christina) (2008) page 62〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christina, Queen of Sweden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|